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The Greek name Αἰθιοπία, appears twice in the Iliad and three times in the Odyssey.[22] The Greek historian Herodotus specifically uses it for all the lands south of Egypt,[23] including Sudan and modern Ethiopia. Αἰθιοπία, Aithiopia is from Αἰθίοψ, Aithiops, ‘an Ethiopian’, derived in turn from Greek words meaning "of burned face".[24]

The name Ethiopia also occurs in many translations of the Old Testament, but the Hebrew texts have Kush, which refers foremost to Nubia / Sudan.[25] In the (Greek) New Testament, however, the Greek term Aithiops, ‘an Ethiopian’, does occur,[26] referring to a servant of Candace or Kentakes, possibly an inhabitant of Meroe which was later conquered by the Kingdom of Axum. The earliest attested use of the name Ityopya in the region itself is as a name for the Kingdom of Aksum in the 4th century, in stone inscriptions of King Ezana,[27] who first Christianized the entire apparatus of the kingdom.

Pliny the Elder[28] gives an aitiology, deriving the toponym from a personal name Aethiops.

The Greek name was adopted into Ge'ez, appearing in the 15th century Book of Aksum as ʾĪtyōṗṗyā. Aethiops appears as "'Ityopp'is", identified as a son (unmentioned in the Bible) of Cush, son of Ham, who according to legend founded the city of Axum.

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